As recognized by the United States Board on Geographic
names, the name of the body of water that lies between Iran and the Arab states
of the Gulf Cooperation Council is the Persian Gulf. For political reasons, Arabs often refer
to it as the Arab or Arabian Gulf (The Persian Gulf at the Millennium:
Essays in Politics, Economy, Security, and Religion edited by Gary G. Sick,
Lawrence G. Potter, pg 8).
"The Arab-Iranian nomenclatural controversy over the
Gulf, which was so bitter in the late 50s and early 60s, was a by-product of
the late President Nasser of Egypt's brand of Arab nationalism ... 'Arabian
Gulf' is in fact a recent Arab appellation for that body of water..." ( Eilts, Hermann F. "Security
Considerations in the Persian Gulf." International
Security :Vol. 5, No. 2. (Autumn,
1980), pp. 79-113. )
(Note .pdf files in this article
are relatively large due to their high quality and it is recommended that they
are downloaded complete before they are opened).
Recently a new site by the name:
www.arabiangulfmaps.com (Site A) has
popped up which claims that some 16th century maps have referred to
the body of the water as Arabian Gulf. In this article we will show their claim is
invalid based on many reasons and such a naming lacks historical legitimacy.
More than 400+ authors including all the geographers
mentioned in Site A have maps that refer to the body of water Persian
Gulf. The following taken
from Persian Gulf (Atlas Of Old & Historical Maps (3000 B.C. - 2000
A.D.), (1 and 2) (Hardcover) by
Mohammad Reza Sahab published by Center for
Document and Diplomatic History; 1st edition (2005) available at:
http://www.amazon.com/Persian-Gulf-Atlas-Historical-Maps/dp/9648403449
provides a complete listing.
We will provide some scanned photos of the source which unlike site A
lists the exact source of the map. Note
from the era of the Greek classics the name Persian Gulf has been consistently
used for the body of water known today as Persian Gulf. Also it is well known fact that the Arabian Gulf refers to the red sea in many classic
western texts. A list which contains
about 400 authors who have used the term Persian Gulf
since the time of the ancient Greeks is given below., Please continue with the
text after examining this list.
Chapter I:
Persian
Gulf in Antiquity (From 3000 B.C. to 750 A.D.)
The Earliest Known Map (ca.
3000 B.C.).......................................................... 4
The Babylonian Tablet
(Second to third Millennium B.C.).............................. ..5
Anaximander
of Melitus (610-546 B.C.)............................................................ 6
Hecataeus
of Melitus (509-472 B.C.)................................................................. 7
S. Bochartus
(1500-500 B.C.)........................................................................... ..8
Herodotus
(ca.484-425 B.C.) .. ........................................................................ 10
Dicaearchus
(347-285 B.C.).............................................................................. 10
Eratosthenes of Alexandria (247-195 B.C.)..................................................... 11
Crates ofMallos
(180-145 B.C.)................................................................... ......13
Hipparchus
(160-125 B.C.)............................................................................... 13
Polybius(ca.l43B.C.)
........................................................................................ 14
Possidonius
(Posidonii) of Apameia
(135-50 B.C.).......................................... 15
Geminus
(ca!77 B.C.)...................................................................................... ..16
Strabo
[Strabon] (12 B.C-58 A.D/)................................................................... 16
Pomponius
Mela (ca. 42 A.D.)........................................................................ ..18
Ptolemy, Claudius (87-150
A.D.).................................................................... ..20
Dionysius Periegetes (2nd Century
A.D.).......................................................... 34
Tyre, Marinus of (after 150 A.D.)..................................................................... 35
Heracles, Marcianus of (ca. 330 A.D.).............................................................. 36
Honorius,
Julius (Early 5th Century A.D.)......................................................... 37
Orosius (After 417 A.D.)................................................ '................................ 38
Cosmas
Indicopleustes (6th Century A.D.)....................................................... 39
Isidore
of Seville
(560- 636 A.D.).................................................................... 40
Ravenna, (7th Century A.D.)............................................................................. 41
St. Beatus
(730-798 A.D.)................................................................................ 44
Chapter II: '
Persian Gulf
in Middle Ages Maps & Muslim Cartographers Works
(From 750 to 1500A.D.)
Al-Khwarezmi, Abu Ja'far Mohammad ibn Musa (780-847 A.D. /164-233 H.) 50
Al-Kindi (801-873 A.D./185-260 H.)............................................................. ...52
Ibn Khordazbeh
(820-913 A.D./205-300 H.)................................................... 54
Al-Batani
(850-929 A.D./235-317 H.)............................................................. 55
Al-Balkhi
(850-934 A.D./235-322 H.)............................................................. 55
Al-Mas'oudi (897-964 A.D./284-353 H.)..................................... ................... 57
Jaihani
(Before 922 A.D./310 H.)................................................................ .....59
Al-Istakhri
(Before 930-957 A.D./318-346 H.) .............................................. 64
Ibn
Howqal (Before 931-988 A.D./320-378 H.)............... ,............................ 74
Al-Maqdesi
(946/7-1000 A.D./335-390 H.)..................................................... 77
Ibn
Yunos (950-1009 A.D./339-400H.)........................................................... 79
Ikhvan
as-Safa (Brothers of Purity, ca.950 A.D./340 H.)................................ 80
Al-Biruni
(973-1048 A.D./362-440 H.) ........................................................... 81
Al-Khwarezmi,
Abu Abdullah al-Katib (ca. 975-991 A.D./365-381 H.)......... 84
Ibn
al-Zarqala (Zarqali)
10?9-1087 A.D./420-480 H.)..................................... 86
Al-Kashqari (Kashghari)
11th century A.D./5th century A.H.).......................... 87
Edrisi
(Idrisi, 1100-1160 AJD./493-555 H.) ............. ...................................... 89
Tusi
Hamadani (ca. 1160 A.D./555 H.)............................................................ 98
Gervase
of Tilbury (ca. 1160-1211 A.D.)....................................................... 100
Ibn
al-'Arabi (1165-1240 A.D./560-638H.) ................................................... 101
Al-Faresi,
Abu Ali al-Faresi al-Nahvi
(ca. 1173 A.D./569 H.) ....................... 102
YaqutHamawi(l 179-1229 A.D./574-626H.) ............................. .!.... :...... ..... 103
Paris, Matthew (ca.l 195-1259 A.D.).............................................................. 104
Tusi,
Nasir ed-Din (Khwajeh Nasir Tusi) 1201-1274
A.D./598-673 H.)........ 106
Al-Qazvini
(1203-1283 A.D./600-682 H.)...................................................... 111
Ibn
Sa'id (1214-1286 A.D./610-683 H.)......................................................... 116
Rubruquis,
Guillaume of Rubroek (1220-1293 A.D.).................................... 118
Abul-Fida
(1273-1331 A.D./672-732H.)........................................................ 119
Mustawfi,
Hamdullah (1281-1349 A.D./680-750 H.) ................................... 120
Richard of Haldingham (13th-14th
century A.D.) ........................................... 130
Vesconte, Petrus (14th century A.D.) ............................................................. 132
Ibn
Alwardi (1292-1348 A.D./691-749 H.) ................................................... 134
Higden, Randulf
(1299-1363 A.D.) .............................................................. 139
Al-Harrani
(ca. 1332 A.D./732H.) ................................................................. 140
Ibn
Khaldun (1332-1406 A.D./732-808H.).................................................... 142
Ailly,
Pierre d' (1350-1420 A.D.)................................................................... 143
Cresques,
Abraham (ca. 1375 A.D.) .............................................................. 144
Toscanelli,
Paolo del Pozzo (1397-1482 A.D.)............................................... 146
Borgia
(ca. 1410 A.D.)................................................................................... 148
Noha,
Pirrus de (ca. 1414 A.D.)..................................................................... 149
Buondelmonti,
Cristoforo (after 1420 A.D.).................................................. 150
Bianco,
Andrea (ca. 1436-1458 A.D.)............................................................ 151
Schedel,
Hartmann (1440-1514 A.D.)............................................................ 152
Rosselli,
Francisco (1445-1513 A.D.) ............................................................ 154
Vinci Leonardo da (1452-1519 A.D.)............................................................ 156
Behaim,
Martin (1459 - 1507 A.D,)................................................................ 157
Mauro, Fra
(ca. 1460 A.D.)............................................................................ 159
Cosa,
Juan de la (1460-1510 A.D.)................................................................ 160
Waldseemuller,
Martin (1470-1518 A.D.)...................................................... 162
Reisch,
Gregorius (1470-1525 A.D................................................................ 166
Cabot, Sebastian (1474 - 1557 A.D.)............................................................. 168
Schoner,
Johann (1477-1572 A.D.) ............................................................... 170
VI
Buckinck,
Arnold[us] (ca. 1478-1508 A.D.)................ .................................. 172
Leo Africanus,
Al-Hasan ibn Muhammad al-Vazzan (1483-1552 A.D. / 888-960 H.) 173
Ramusio,
Gian Battista (1485-1557 A.D.).................................................. .....174
Martellus,
Henricus (Germanus) 15th
century A.D.)........................................ 175
Minister, Sebastian (1489-1552
A.D.)............................................................. 177
Fries, Laurent (1490-1532
A.D.)..................................................................... 180
Fine, Orontius
Delphinas Finaeus
(1494-1555 A.D.)...................................... 184
Homen
(Homem), Lopo (1497-1572
A.D.) ................................................ 188
Stabius,
Johannes (1497-1522 A.D.)............................................................... 190
Honter
[Grass, Honterus], Jan Coronensis
(1498-1549 A.D.) ........................ 192
Chapter III:
The Persian Gulf
in Geographical Maps of the Renaissance Period
(From 1500 to 1800 A.D.)
Santa Cruz, Alonso de (1500-1572 A.D.)....................................................... 198
Stumpff
[ius], Johannes (1500-1578 A.D.)..................................................... 198
Gastaldi,
Giacomo [Jacopo] (ca. 1500-1565 A.D.)......................................... 199
Apianus,
Petrus (1501-1552 A.D.).................................................................. 204
Jode,
Gerard (1501-1591 A.D.)...................................................................... 206
King Hamy Map (ca. 1502
A.D.).................................................. ■.............. 207
Maggiolo
[Maiollo], Vesconte di (1504-1551 A.D.)....................................... 208
Ruscelli,
Girolamo (1504-1566 A.D.)............................................................. 209
Contarini,
Giovanni Mathew (16th Century A.D.).......................................... 211
Ruysch,
Johannes (ca. 1507-1533 A.D.)......................................................... 212
Sylvanus, Bernardus (16th Century A.D.) ...................................................... 213
Mercator,
Gerhard (1512-1594 A.D.)............................................................. 215
Vespucci,
Juan Giovanni (16th Century A.D.)................................................ 218
Reinel,
Jorge (1518-1572 A.D.)...................................................................... 220
Metellus,
Johannes Matalus (1520-1597 A.D.) ........................ ,.................... 221
Salviati, Cardinal (16th Century A.D.)............................................................ 222
Ribeiro,
Diogo (16th Century A.d!)
.............................................................. 224
Ortelius
of Antwerp,
Abraham (1527-1598 A.D.).......................................... 225
Thome,
Robert (16th Century A.D.)................................................................ 233
Rosaccio,
Giuseppe (1530-1620 A.D.)........................................................... 233
Homem,
Diogo (1530-1576 A.D.) ................................................................. 234
Treschel,
Gaspar & Melchior (ca.
1535 A.D.)................................................. 235
Agnese,
Battista (1536-1564 A.D.)................................. .,............................. 236
Amman, Jost
(1539-1591 A.D.) ....................................... '............................. 239
Anonymous Spanish
Cartographer (Ca.1523 A.D.)........................................ 240
Desliens,
Nicolas (16th Century A.D.)............................................................. 241
Mercator,
Rumold (ca. 1545-1599 A.D.)........................................................ 242
Bunting, Heinrich (1545-1606
A.D.).............................................................. 243
Ghisolfi,
Francesco (ca., 1546 A.D.)............................................................... 244
Langenes,
Barent (ca.1548- ca.1602 A.D.)..................................................... 245
Al-Sharafi
of Safax (Safaquesi) Family
(1551-1601 A.D./959-1010 H.) ...... 246
Plancius,
Petrus (1552-1622 A.D.).................................................................. 252
Speed, John (1552-1629 A.D.)....................................................................... 253
Magini,
Giovanni Antonio (1555-1617 A.D.) ................................................ 255
Wright, Edward (1558-1615 A.D.) ................................................................ 256
Forlani,
Paolo (fl.l560-c. 1574 A.D.).............................................................. 258
Hondius,
Jodocus (1563-1612 A.D.) ............................................................. 260
Linschoten,
Jan Huygen van (1563-1610 A.D.)............................................. 261
Bertius,
Petrus (1565-1629 A.D.) .................................................................. 262
Porro,
Girolamo (fl. 1567-1599 A.D.)............................................................ 264
Bussemacher,
Johannes (fl. 1580-1613 A.D.)................................................ 265
Tavernier, Melchior (the Elder) 1564-1641 A.D............................................. 266
Ziletti, Giordano (ca. 1564-74 A.D.) .................................... ..'...................... 267
Cossin, Jehan (16th Century A.D.).................................................................. 268
Blaeu,
Willem Janszoon (1571-1638 A.D.).................................................... 269
Keere,
Pieter van den (ca. 1571-1646 A.D.)................................................... 270
Langren,
Henricus Florent van
(1574-1604 A.D.).......................................... 272
Cluverius,
Philippus (1580-1623 A.D.)........................................................... 273
Visscher
[Piscator] II, Nicolaes Jansz (1649-1702 A.D.)............................... 274
Valle, Pietro
Delia (1586-1625 A.D.)............................................................. 276
Jansonnius,
Johannes (1588-1664 A.D.)......................................................... 277
Merian,
Matthaus (1593-1650 A.D.).............................................................. 281
Eckebrecht,
Philipp (1594-1667 A.D.) .......................................................... 282
Blaeu,
Joan (1596-1673 A.D.)........................................................................ 284
16th
Century Anonymous Cartographer after Cellarius
(ca.1596 A.D.) ........ :; , 287
Hondius
(Hondio), Henricus
(1597-1651 A.D.) ............................................ 288
Olearius,
Adam (1599-1671 A.D.)................................................................. 290
Sanson, Nicolas d'Abbeville (1600-1667 A.D.) & Mariette,
Pierre
(1603-1657 A.D.) .......291
Mallet, Alain Manesson (1603-1706 A.D.) ................................................. ...292
Wit, Frederick de (1610-1698 A.D.).............................................................. 294
Vingboons,
Jan [Johannes] (ca. 1617-1670 A.D.).......................................... 296
Verbiest,
Ferdinand (1623-1688 A.D.)........................................................... 298
Cassini,
Jean-Dominique (1625-1712 A.D.)................................................... 299
Tholing,
Theodoros (ca. 1634 A.D.)............................................................... 300
Cellarius
[Keller], Christophorus (1638-1707 A.D.) ...................................... 302
Schenk, Pieter (1645-1715
A.D.).................................................................... 303
Fer,
Nicolas de (1646-1720 A.D.)............................................................... ....304
Isfahani,
Sadeq (ca. 1647 A.D./1057 H.)....................................................... 308
Allard, Carl (1648-1709
A.D.)........................................................................ 309
Rossi, Giovanni Giacomo de (1648-1691 A.D.)............................................. 310
Browne, Christopher
(1648-1712 A.D.) ........................................................ 311
Valk,
Gerard (1650-1720 A.D.) and Leonard (1675-1755 A.D.)................... 312
Coronelli,
Vicenzo Maria (1650-1718 A.D.).................................................. 313
Kaempfer,
Engelbert (1651- ca. 1716 A.D.)................................................... 314
Hubert, R. (ca. 1651 A.D.)......................................................................... .....315
Thornton, John (ca.
1652-1701 A.D.)......................................................... .....316
Weigelio
(Weigelius), Christophoro,
the Elder (1654-1725 A.D.) ................. 318
Keulen,
C. van (1654-1715 A.D.) .................................................................. 323
Aa,
Pieter van der (1659-1733 A.D.) ............................................................. 324
Blome,
Richard (fl. 1660-1705 A.D.) ....................... .................................... 332
Mortier,
Pierre
(1661-1711 A.D.) ................................................................ ...334
Danckerts,
Theodore (1663-ca. 1727 A.D.).................................................... 335
Homann,
Johann-Baptist (1663-4- 1724 A.D.)............................................... 337
Seller, John (fl. 1664-1697
A.D.).................................................................... 342
Wells, Edward (1667-1727 A.D.)................................................................... 343
VIII
Petrini, Paolo (ca. 1670- ca. 1718 A.D.).......................................................... 344
Doppelmayer,
Johann Gabriel (1671-1750 A.D.)............................................ 345
Calmet,
Augustin (1672-1757 A.D.)............................................................... 346
Ibrahim,
Efendi, Mutafarrikan
(1674-1744 A.D.)........................................ ...348
Lisle (L'Isle),
Guillaume de (1675-1726 A.D.) .............................................. 349
Morden,
Robert (fl.1675-1703 A.D.).............................................................. 359
Relandus
(Reeland), Adrianus
(1676-1718 A.D.)........................................... 360
Seutter,
Matthaus (1678-1757 A.D.)............................................................... 361
Moll, Herman (1680-1732
A.D.)..................................................................... 362
Hasius,
Johann Matthias Hase (1684-1742 A.D.)........................................... 366
Chatelain,
Henri Abraham (1684-1743 A.D.)................................................. 367
Mount, Richard and Page,
Thomas (fl. 1684-1762 A.D.)............................... 370
Nolin,
Jean Baptiste (1686-1762 A.D.)........................................................... 371
Stukeley,
Wilhelmus [William] (1687-1765 A.D.).......................................... 373
Robert de Vaugondy, Gilles (1688-1766 A.D.).............................................. 374
Senex,
John (fl. 1690-1740 A.D.) .................................................................. 382
Moullart
Sanson, Pierre (fl. 1695 - 1730 A. D.).............................................. 385
d'Anville,
Jean-Baptiste Bourguignon (1697-1782 A.D.)............................... 386
Prevost,
Ant. F. (1697-1763 A.D.).................................................................. 392
Leth,
Hendrik de (1703-1766 A.D.)............................................................... 393
Bellin,
Jacques Nicolas (1703-1772 A.D.)...................................................... 394
Stackhouse, Thomas
(1706-1784 A.D.).......................................................... 398
Tardieu,
Pierre- Francois (1711-1771 A.D.).................................................... 400
Kitchin,
Thomas (1718-1784 A.D.)............................................................ .....401
European Anonymous 18th
Century Cartographer.......................................... 402
Bowen, Emanuel (1720-1767
A.D.)............................................................... .403
Le Rouge, George Louis
(1722-1778 A.D.).................................................... 409
Robert de Vaugondy, Didier (1723-1786 A.D.)...................... :..................... 412
Ottens,
Reinier (ca. 1723-1765 A.D.) ............................................................ 415
Valentyn,
(Valentijn) Francois (ca. 1724-6 A.D.)........................................... 416
Desnos,
Louis Charles (1725-1805 A.D.)....................................................... 417
Bonne, Rigobert
(1727-1795 A.D.)................................................................. 419
Delahaye,
Guillaume Nicolas (1727-1802 A.D.)............................................ .428
Mentelle,
Edme (1730-1815 A.D.) ................................................................. 430
Tirion,
Isaac (fl. 1732-1769 A.D.)................................................................... 432
Niebuhr,
Carsten (1733-1815 A.D.)................................ ,............................... 435
Dalrymple,
Alexander (1737-1808 A.D.)....................................................... .436
Delamarche,
Charles Francois (1740-1817 A.D.)........................................... 437
La Perouse,
Jean- Francois de Galaup, Comte de (17414788 A.D.).............. 440
Janvier,
Jean (ca. 1746-1790 A.D.)................................................................. 441
Gibson., John (fl. 1749-1792
A.D.) ............................................................... 443
Bowen, Thomas
(1749-1790 A.D.) ................................................................ ...........' 444
Arrowsmith,
Aaron (1750-1833 A.D.).......................................................... ..446
'
Schley, Jacob van der (fl. about 1750-1770 A.D.)........................................ ..449
Lotted,
Tobiae Conradi (fl. 1750-1777
A.D.)......................................... .........450
Dunn, Samuel (fl. 1751-1794 A.D.)....................................... .............................452.
Rollos,
G. (fl. 1754-1789 A.D.)..................................................... ..........:.........457'
Gary, John (fl. 1754-1835
A.D.)..................................................................... 458
Brion de
la Tour, Louis (ca. 1756-1823 A.D.)................................................ 459
~ * -
/« incn 10A/1
A T^ \ 4^2
Neel,
Samuel John [Neele & Son] (1758-1824 A.D.) .................................... 463
Reichard,
Christian Gottieb Theophil
(1758-1837 A.D.)............................... 464
Chanlaire,
Pierre Gregoire (1758-1817 A.D.)................................................. 466
Pinkerton, John (1758-1826
A.D.).................................................................. 467
Steiler,
Adolf (1775-1836 A.D.) .................................................................... 469
Malte-Brun,
Conrad (1775-1826 A.D.).......................................................... 470
Lizars,
Daniel (fl. 1776-1812 A.D.)................................................................ 471
Santini,
P. (fl. 1776-1783 A.D.)...................................................................... 473
Jacques, Nicolas (ca. 1780
A.D.) ................................................................... 474
Menzies,
J & G. (1780-ca. 1840 A.D.) ........................................................... ;475
Sauerberg, H. (18th century A.D.) .................................................................. 476
Lucas, Fielding Jr.
(1781-1854 A.D.) ............................................................ 477
Stuelpnagel,
Fr. von (1781-1865 A.D.) ......................................................... 478
Weiland,
Carl Ferdinand (1781-1847 A.D.) ... :.............................................. 480
Elwe,
Jan Barend (fl. 1785-1809 A.D.) ......................................................... 481
Justus Perthes
Geographische Verlags
(founded in 1785 A.D.)..................... 483
Norie,
John William (fl. ca. 1785-1843 A.D.)................................................. 488
Wilkinson, Robert (fl.
1785-1825 A.D.)......................................................... 490
Brue,
Adrien Hubert (1786 - 1832 A. D.)............. v........................................ 492
Tanner,
Henry Schenck (1786-1858 A.D.).......... 1.................... r.................. 493
Venetik,
i Vans Srboyn Ghazaru (ca. 1787A.D.) ........................................... 494
Lizars,
William Home (1788-1859 A.D.)....................................................... .495
Jackson (18th Century A.D.)............................................................................ 498
Wyld,
James, the Elder (1790-1836 A.D.)...................................................... 499
Arrowsmith,
John (1790-1873 A.D.).............................................................. 500
Mitchell, Samuel A.
(1792-1868 A.D.) .......................................................... 502
Perrot,
Aristide Michel (1793-1879 A.D.)...................................................... 505
Laurie & Whittle (ca.
1794-1875 A.D.).......................................................... 506
British Admiralty (founded
in 1795 A.D.)..................................................... 509
Berghaus,
Heinrich Carl Wilhelm (1797-1884 A. D.)..................................... 510
Head, Capitan Charles (ca.
1797-1867 A.D.) ................................................ 512
Chapter IV:
The Persian Gulf
in Geographical Maps of the Modern Cartography
(From 1800 to 2000 A.D.)
Gamier, F. A. (1803-1863
A.D.)..................................................................... 517
Oliver, GA.
(19th Century A.D.)..................................................................... 518
Vuillemin,
Alexander A. (1812- ca.1874 A.D.) ............................................. 519
Wyld,
James, the Younger (1812-1887 A.D.) ................................................ 520
Thomas, John (fl. 1814-1869
A.D.) ................................................................ 522
Dussieux,
Louis Etienne (1815-1894 A.D.).................................................... 525
Badger, Rev. George Percy
(1815-1888 A.D.)............................................... 527
Hall, Sidney (fl. 1817-1860 A.D.) ................................................................. 528
Kiepert, Heinrich C. (1818-1899 A.D.).................................................... :..... 532
Fremin,
A. R. (ca. 1820-1868 A.D.)........................................ :;..................... 533
Berthe (19th Century A.D.).............................................................................. 534
Lothian, John (fl. 1825-1846 A.D.)................................................................ 535
Dower, John (fl. 1825-
c.1891 A.D.) ............................................................. 536
Johnston, firm of W. &
A. K. (1825- c. 1863 A.D.)....................................... 537
X
Teesdale,
Henry [& Co.] (ca. 1826-1860 A.D.).............................................. 538
Neele, James (Neele &' Son) fl. 1826-1845 A.D............................................. 539
Horseburg, James (19th Century A.D.).................... ....................................... 540
Society for the Diffusion of
Useful Knowledge (1829- ca.1876 A.D.)......... 541
Long, George (1830-1854
A.D.)..................................................................... 542
Royal Geographical
Society (Founded 1830 A.D.) ............ .......................... 545
Kelly, Thomas (1835-1843 A.D.).................................................................... 547
Andriveu-Goujon,
J. (ca.1835-1868 A.D.).................................................... ,.548
Tallis
& Co. (1838-1851 A.D.) ....................................................................... 549
Herrich, A. (19th Century A.D.) .................................................................. ....551
Levasseur,
Victor (1838-1854 A.D.)............................................................... 552
William, E. P. (19th Century A.D.).................................................................. 555
Cram, George (1841-1928
A.D.)..................................................................... 556
Spruner,
Karl von (1846-1880 A.D.) ............................................................. 557
Anonymous Ottoman
Cartographer, before 1850 A.D................................... 558
Graf, Adolf
(ca. 1850-1890 A.D.).................................................................. 560
Orr & Dower (19th Century A.D.)................................................................... 561
Jackson, Peter (19th Century A.D.)................................................................. 562
Civelli,
Giuseppe (19th century A.D.).............................................................. 563
Ferrier, Joseph Pierre (19th
century A.D.)........................................................ 564
Bartholomew, John George
(1860-1920 A.D.)............................................... 566
Blackie & Son
(ca.1860-1893 A.D.) .............................................................. 568
Johnson & Ward
Publishers (1860-1885 A.D.)............................................... 569
Weller, Edward (1861-1884
A.D.)................................................................. .570
Smith, William (19th century A.D.)................................................................. 572
Chevallier, H. (19th century A.D.)................................................................... 573
Dieulafoy, Jane (19th century A.D.)................................................................ 574
1919
A.D. .,.............................................. ...... !................................... ;.... ...575
1922 A.D..... .7................................................................................................. 576
Let us analyze Site A in more detail. The first analysis shows that site A does not
hold true to its word with regards to providing maps that have the designation
:Arabian Gulf. If any user clicks under collections in this
site and then view a map and then click on map index and then clicks on the one
from 1740(Jacques Nicholas Bellin) and does a zoom on the map, it is very clear that on
the legend on the bottom left corner of the image it clearly says on the text
''Et Golfe de Perse''
(Persian Gulf). Thus this map is out.
Apprxoimately 60% of the maps in
the site are from Meractor-Hondius-Jannsonis and approximately 20% are from John
Speed. Regarding the English map of Meractor-Hondius-Jannsonius (they have it in variety of
languages and only the English one seems to have a problem) which has Sinus Arabicus, let us quote another reliable academic source and
also include the more recent maps.
There is
apparently an error in this map regarding the name of the Persian
Gulf. All editions of Mercator's Geographia contain one map of the world and one of Asia. Following the Ptolemy tradition, in all of these
maps the Red Sea and occasionally the Gulf of Aden, is called 'Sinus Arabicus', and the Persian Gulf
'Sinus Persicus'. In the map of Persia included in the Meractor-Hondius
atlases, however the Persian Gulf is named
'Sinus Arabicus'. This nomenclature contradicts not
only the Ptolemic tradition but also the world map
and the map of Asia in the same atlas,
both of them surely prepared by Meractor himself. The
reason for this disrepency could only be the fact
that the map of Persia
was not completed and probably not even prepared by Meractor,
but by Hondius twelve years after Meractor's
death. Hondius or his assistants apparently mixed up
the two Ptolemaic terms Sinus Arabicus and Sinus Persicus. Janssonius must have noticed this error, for he
rectified it by using the term 'Sinus Persicus' again
for Persian Gulf in his atlases which appeared
during the 1640s and later.
(Dr. Cyrus Alai, General Maps of Persia 1477 - 1925
(Handbook of Oriental Studies: Section 1, the Near and Middle East)
(Hardcover)), Brill Academic Publishers, 2005.
Please note that the information is taken from a highly
regarded academic book extremely referenced book with over 400+ maps of Persia.
http://www.amazon.com/General-Maps-Persia-1477-Handbook/dp/9004147594/sr=8-1/qid=1171225871/ref=sr_1_1/105-1914486-1638861?ie=UTF8&s=books
From the above we can assume that the historically
legitimate name of Persian Gulf has always been in use whereas the
non-legitimate term of Arabian Gulf has no
precedence.
The book can be found in every major university (chicago, columbia, harvard)
and the author has given many talks in cartographic centers. Maps from the authors book which are well
sourced will be provided via links. A
relevant portion of the above book may be found here (large file):
http://www.azargoshnasp.net/PersianGulf/abvanhonmerccyrus.pdf
As mentioned in the texts of the Atlases, the nomenclature Arabian Gulf never existed as a historical name. Much more importantly there does not exist
a single textual evidence referring to the Persian Gulf as Arabian
Gulf. Now in the texts
of the above Atlases mentioned in Site A, only Persian Gulf is referred to and
there does not exist a single line where Arabian Gulf is mentioned for the Persian Gulf. Also
in the same atlases there are more maps of Persian Gulf. There does not exist a single Arabic text
before the era of pan-arabism nationalism of 20th
century that calls the body of water Arabian Gulf. The Site has watermarked its images and thus
its reliability can not be ascertained.
Site A also hides the fact that Mercator and Hondius have more maps with the designation of Persian and
most importantly in the text of their Atlas they only use Persian
Gulf.
The story is similar with John Speed who probably used one
of older version of Hondius. In the text as well as many of the maps in
the same book (which site A took their map from) the Persian Gulf is mentioned
whereas no where in the text of the Atlases is the term Arabian
Gulf mentioned. Thus site A
has suspiciously hid this fact from readers of their site in order to make a
legitimate claim for a historically illegitimate name. Note so far that site A has not brought a
single textual evidence.
1)
First we analyze Mercator/Hexam/Hondius
maps. The reader might want to look at
some authentic maps from these sources and the background of these maps at the
link provided:
http://www.azargoshnasp.net/PersianGulf/abvanhonmerccyrus.pdf
It is from the first edition of Hexam's
translation brought out by Jodocus's son Henry Hondius. The year of
publishing is believed to be 1641 (or 1644?) from the legend.
http://www.azargoshnasp.net/PersianGulf/wikiphondiushexamMercator1641.pdf
Note the map on pg 10 of the PDF clearly says Persian Gulf (Sinus Persicus).
The map on pg 12 is ambiguous as it is has used the term
Sinus Arabicus twice which shows a clear
mistake. And finally the map on pg 20
uses Sinus Arabicus. All these maps are from the same book. But the owner of Site A does not display the map on pg 10. Similarly he makes no mention of the texts
within the Atlas which have clearly used Persian Gulf
throughout. Now let us quote the text
(pg 19 on the PDF): This Kingdom is situate between the Turkish empire; the
Tatar Zagatheans the Kingdom Cambaya,
between the Hircanian or Caspian Sea, and the PERSIAN GULF;
.
Similarly the text continues: On the South is Persian
Gulf and the India
Sea.
Thus to pick and choose one map from the same book and
ignore the texts and other maps from the same book does not create any sort of
historical legitimacy for a name. Site A
intentionally fails to bring the relevant maps from the same book and tries to
make the readers believe that the name of this body of water was Sinus Arabicus. But as the
text clearly shows, Meractor considers it as Persian Gulf and in the same book he has a map with Sinus
Persicus. In
the end as will be seen, the map probably considers both Persian Gulf and Red
Sea as part of the Arabian Sea.
2)
Once again Hondius map.
http://www.azargoshnasp.net/PersianGulf/wikiphondisumercactor1635.pdf
Pg 6)
Note Mare Rubrum (red sea) is
mentioned below the horn of Africa! Thus this clearly shows that without textual
evidence, one can not look at a map blindly.
Pg 10)
Note Mare Rubrum (red Sea) is
again below the horn of Africa.
Pg 11)
Note that there is Mare el-Catif
where the Persian Gulf is.
Pg 14)
Note the Red Sea is called:ARABICI SINUS PARS
Mare Rubrum.
Pg 21-25)
The text clearly says Persian Bay. And between the Hircanian Sea
and Persian Bay
3)
Now let us try another version of Hondius.
http://www.azargoshnasp.net/PersianGulf/wikipmercatorhondius1637_1635.pdf
Pg 4
Comment:
note misplacement of red sea (Mare Rubrum)
all the way below the horn of Afica). Again showing without textual evidence, such
maps can not be interpreted.
Pg6
Comment:
(note misplacement of red sea (Mare Rubrum)
all the way below the horn of Afica). Again showing without textual evidence, such
maps can not be interpreted.
Note the Arabicus below Saudia Arabia.
Pg 12:
Comment:
Note there is designation of Mare el-Qatif
in the Persian Gulf.
Pg 15:
Comment:
Note Sinus Arabicus is in the Red Sea. Note the
difference with pg 4 and 6 where red sea is below the horn of Africa.
855-859
Note despite the mark of Sinus Arabicus
on the map (see comments of C-pg 15) in
the map, the text clearly calls it Persian
Bay.
4)
Now we examine John Speed.
John Speed
http://www.azargoshnasp.net/PersianGulf/wikipjohnspeed1646.pdf
Pg 9)
Note the map. Persian Gulf is called Sinus Persica. Note that the red sea is called part of the Arabian Sea. (this
could be the source of some confusion).
Pg 10)
Note the text on part 14:
It is distinct from the Aethiopia so often mentioned in Scripture; For by
all probability that was in another quarter of the world, and teacheth from the Red-Sea to the Persian
Gulf.
Pg 11)
Note the text on part 10:
The bounds of this Empire on the
North are the Caspian Sea, and the River Oxus; on the South the Sinus Persicus
Pg 12)
Note the misplacement.
Assyria is put in the place of Persia. Thus such misplacement can easily occur in
maps and this again shows maps can have mistake. So again one has to rely on the textual
evidence. Note the Persian Gulf though
is called Sinus Persicus here and furthermore the red
sea is called part of the Arabian Sea.
Note also the text on the next page:
It lieth
betwixt Media on the North, and the Sinus
Persicus on her South:
Note again the text:
The bounds of this Empire on
the North are the Caspian Sea, and the River Oxus;
on the South the Sinus Persicus, and the Mare
Indicum, heretofore called Rubrum;
Note again the text:
Susiana, now Cuceston,
seems to have her name from Cus, upon
the South of Assyria, West of Persia, East of Babylonia, and
North of the Persick bay.
Upon the confines of the Persian
Empire stands a potent Kingdome, which comprehends part of the coast of Persia,
some Islands of the Persick bay: and a good
portion of Arabia Foelix near to those Seas.
Pg 14)
This is the map used by the Arabian
Gulf site. But note from
the same book two other maps on pg 9 and 12, clearly calls it Persian
Gulf.
I have checked all the text and the textual evidence only
calls it Persick bay, Persian
Gulf, Sinus Persian. Thus
there is no textual evidence whatsoever for Arabian Gulf
or Mare-al-Qateef.
Finally besides the 400+ maps about the Persian Gulf
mentioned in the first book by Dr. Sahabi, we provide
maps of Persian Gulf for the rest of the
authors mentioned in site A in the following two links.
(The links are fairly large and it is recommended that the
reader downloads them fully before opening them)
http://www.azargoshnasp.net/PersianGulf/Persiangulfsahab.pdf
http://www.azargoshnasp.net/PersianGulf/abvanhonmerccyrus.pdf
Note pg 21-26 of the PDF file provides multiple maps from Ottelius Abahram. Note unlike site A whose source is 1550 the
exact map of the Turkish empire from the scans of Sahabs
book is from 1571.
Note pg 27 provides another map from John Speed again dated
1646 which is a later date then the maps provided by site A. Thus showing another correction.
Note pg 28-29 provides a map of Jodocus
Hondius.
Note pg 31 provides maps from Pieter van den Keere. Unlike Site A
the source is dated 1676 which is much newer.
Note pg 36 provides a map from Jacques Nicolas Bellin dated 1764 again much more recent then the date provided
by site A. But as we mentioned already
the 1740 map of Bellin in the site already mentions
Persian.
In CONCLUSION:
A) There does not exist a single textual evidence
providing any sort of historical legitimacy for the name Arabian Gulf in
reference to the body of water known universally as Persian
Gulf in any text.
B) A few maps by Hondius made a cartographic
mistake. For example it was pointed out
that Assyria was put in Central Persia or the red sea was placed in various
locations from Indian Ocean to below the horn of Africa
to the red Sea. Later editions were
corrected and thus such a cartographic mistake does not constitute any proof
for any sort of historical precedence with regards to the non-historical name
of Arabian Gulf. Specially in light
of the textual evidence that comes with these atlases. Additionally the newer
editions of the same atlases (Hondius)) have fixed
their mistake and thus showing clearly that there is no precedence for the
historically non-legitimate name of Arabian Gulf. So one or two map makes made a cartographic
mistakes which propagated to several maps.
But in these exact books there are maps with Persian Gulf and all the
texts of these exact books clearly mention the body of water as Persian Gulf. One
can not ignore the newer editions of atlases by the same author as well as 400+
other authors we already mentioned and also the texts within an atlas.
C) Not a single Arabic text before the era of Arab nationalism has
referenced the Persian Gulf as Arabian Gulf. Readers who are familiar with Arabic might
want to read the following link: http://www.azargoshnasp.net/PersianGulf/alkhalijalfarsi.doc