As recognized by the United States Board on Geographic names, the name of the body of water that lies between Iran and the Arab states of the Gulf Cooperation Council is the Persian Gulf. For political reasons, Arabs often refer to it as the Arab or Arabian Gulf (The Persian Gulf at the Millennium: Essays in Politics, Economy, Security, and Religion edited by Gary G. Sick, Lawrence G. Potter, pg 8).

"The Arab-Iranian nomenclatural controversy over the Gulf, which was so bitter in the late 50s and early 60s, was a by-product of the late President Nasser of Egypt's brand of Arab nationalism ... 'Arabian Gulf' is in fact a recent Arab appellation for that body of water..." ( Eilts, Hermann F. "Security Considerations in the Persian Gulf." International Security :Vol. 5, No. 2. (Autumn, 1980), pp. 79-113. )

(Note .pdf files in this article are relatively large due to their high quality and it is recommended that they are downloaded complete before they are opened).

Recently a new site by the name: www.arabiangulfmaps.com (Site A) has popped up which claims that some 16^th century maps have referred to the body of the water as Arabian Gulf. In this article we will show their claim is invalid based on many reasons and such a naming lacks historical legitimacy.

More than 400+ authors including all the geographers mentioned in Site A have maps that refer to the body of water Persian Gulf. The following taken from Persian Gulf (Atlas Of Old & Historical Maps (3000 B.C. - 2000 A.D.), (1 and 2) (Hardcover) by Mohammad Reza Sahab published by Center for Document and Diplomatic History; 1st edition (2005) available at:

http://www.amazon.com/Persian-Gulf-Atlas-Historical-Maps/dp/9648403449

provides a complete listing. We will provide some scanned photos of the source which unlike site A lists the exact source of the map. Note from the era of the Greek classics the name Persian Gulf has been consistently used for the body of water known today as Persian Gulf. Also it is well known fact that the Arabian Gulf refers to the red sea in many classic western texts. A list which contains about 400 authors who have used the term Persian Gulf since the time of the ancient Greeks is given below., Please continue with the text after examining this list.

Chapter I:

Persian Gulf in Antiquity (From 3000 B.C. to 750 A.D.)

The Earliest Known Map (ca. 3000 B.C.).......................................................... 4

The Babylonian Tablet (Second to third Millennium B.C.).............................. ..5

Anaximander of Melitus (610-546 B.C.)............................................................ 6

Hecataeus of Melitus (509-472 B.C.)................................................................. 7

S. Bochartus (1500-500 B.C.)........................................................................... ..8

Herodotus (ca.484-425 B.C.) .. ........................................................................ 10

Dicaearchus (347-285 B.C.).............................................................................. 10

Eratosthenes of Alexandria (247-195 B.C.)..................................................... 11

Crates ofMallos (180-145 B.C.)................................................................... ......13

Hipparchus (160-125 B.C.)............................................................................... 13

Polybius(ca.l43B.C.) ........................................................................................ 14

Possidonius (Posidonii) of Apameia (135-50 B.C.).......................................... 15

Geminus (ca!77 B.C.)...................................................................................... ..16

Strabo [Strabon] (12 B.C-58 A.D/)................................................................... 16

Pomponius Mela (ca. 42 A.D.)........................................................................ ..18

Ptolemy, Claudius (87-150 A.D.).................................................................... ..20

Dionysius Periegetes (2^nd Century A.D.).......................................................... 34

Tyre, Marinus of (after 150 A.D.)..................................................................... 35

Heracles, Marcianus of (ca. 330 A.D.).............................................................. 36

Honorius, Julius (Early 5^th Century A.D.)......................................................... 37

Orosius (After 417 A.D.)................................................ '................................ 38

Cosmas Indicopleustes (6^th Century A.D.)....................................................... 39

Isidore of Seville (560- 636 A.D.).................................................................... 40

Ravenna, (7^th Century A.D.)............................................................................. 41

St. Beatus (730-798 A.D.)................................................................................ 44

Chapter II: '

Persian Gulf in Middle Ages Maps & Muslim Cartographers Works

(From 750 to 1500A.D.)

Al-Khwarezmi, Abu Ja'far Mohammad ibn Musa (780-847 A.D. /164-233 H.) 50

Al-Kindi (801-873 A.D./185-260 H.)............................................................. ...52

Ibn Khordazbeh (820-913 A.D./205-300 H.)................................................... 54

Al-Batani (850-929 A.D./235-317 H.)............................................................. 55

Al-Balkhi (850-934 A.D./235-322 H.)............................................................. 55

Al-Mas'oudi (897-964 A.D./284-353 H.)..................................... ................... 57

Jaihani (Before 922 A.D./310 H.)................................................................ .....59

Al-Istakhri (Before 930-957 A.D./318-346 H.) .............................................. 64

Ibn Howqal (Before 931-988 A.D./320-378 H.)............... ,............................ 74

Al-Maqdesi (946/7-1000 A.D./335-390 H.)..................................................... 77

Ibn Yunos (950-1009 A.D./339-400H.)........................................................... 79

Ikhvan as-Safa (Brothers of Purity, ca.950 A.D./340 H.)................................ 80

Al-Biruni (973-1048 A.D./362-440 H.) ........................................................... 81

Al-Khwarezmi, Abu Abdullah al-Katib (ca. 975-991 A.D./365-381 H.)......... 84

Ibn al-Zarqala (Zarqali) 10?9-1087 A.D./420-480 H.)..................................... 86

Al-Kashqari (Kashghari) 11^th century A.D./5^th century A.H.).......................... 87

Edrisi (Idrisi, 1100-1160 AJD./493-555 H.) ............. ...................................... 89

Tusi Hamadani (ca. 1160 A.D./555 H.)............................................................ 98

Gervase of Tilbury (ca. 1160-1211 A.D.)....................................................... 100

Ibn al-'Arabi (1165-1240 A.D./560-638H.) ................................................... 101

Al-Faresi, Abu Ali al-Faresi al-Nahvi (ca. 1173 A.D./569 H.) ....................... 102

YaqutHamawi(l 179-1229 A.D./574-626H.) ............................. .!.... :...... ..... 103

Paris, Matthew (ca.l 195-1259 A.D.).............................................................. 104

Tusi, Nasir ed-Din (Khwajeh Nasir Tusi) 1201-1274 A.D./598-673 H.)........ 106

Al-Qazvini (1203-1283 A.D./600-682 H.)...................................................... 111

Ibn Sa'id (1214-1286 A.D./610-683 H.)......................................................... 116

Rubruquis, Guillaume of Rubroek (1220-1293 A.D.).................................... 118

Abul-Fida (1273-1331 A.D./672-732H.)........................................................ 119

Mustawfi, Hamdullah (1281-1349 A.D./680-750 H.) ................................... 120

Richard of Haldingham (13^th-14^th century A.D.) ........................................... 130

Vesconte, Petrus (14^th century A.D.) ............................................................. 132

Ibn Alwardi (1292-1348 A.D./691-749 H.) ................................................... 134

Higden, Randulf (1299-1363 A.D.) .............................................................. 139

Al-Harrani (ca. 1332 A.D./732H.) ................................................................. 140

Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406 A.D./732-808H.).................................................... 142

Ailly, Pierre d' (1350-1420 A.D.)................................................................... 143

Cresques, Abraham (ca. 1375 A.D.) .............................................................. 144

Toscanelli, Paolo del Pozzo (1397-1482 A.D.)............................................... 146

Borgia (ca. 1410 A.D.)................................................................................... 148

Noha, Pirrus de (ca. 1414 A.D.)..................................................................... 149

Buondelmonti, Cristoforo (after 1420 A.D.).................................................. 150

Bianco, Andrea (ca. 1436-1458 A.D.)............................................................ 151

Schedel, Hartmann (1440-1514 A.D.)............................................................ 152

Rosselli, Francisco (1445-1513 A.D.) ............................................................ 154

Vinci Leonardo da (1452-1519 A.D.)............................................................ 156

Behaim, Martin (1459 - 1507 A.D,)................................................................ 157

Mauro, Fra (ca. 1460 A.D.)............................................................................ 159

Cosa, Juan de la (1460-1510 A.D.)................................................................ 160

Waldseemuller, Martin (1470-1518 A.D.)...................................................... 162

Reisch, Gregorius (1470-1525 A.D................................................................ 166

Cabot, Sebastian (1474 - 1557 A.D.)............................................................. 168

Schoner, Johann (1477-1572 A.D.) ............................................................... 170

VI

Buckinck, Arnold[us] (ca. 1478-1508 A.D.)................ .................................. 172

Leo Africanus, Al-Hasan ibn Muhammad al-Vazzan (1483-1552 A.D. / 888-960 H.) 173

Ramusio, Gian Battista (1485-1557 A.D.).................................................. .....174

Martellus, Henricus (Germanus) 15^th century A.D.)........................................ 175

Minister, Sebastian (1489-1552 A.D.)............................................................. 177

Fries, Laurent (1490-1532 A.D.)..................................................................... 180

Fine, Orontius Delphinas Finaeus (1494-1555 A.D.)...................................... 184

Homen (Homem), Lopo (1497-1572 A.D.) ................................................ 188

Stabius, Johannes (1497-1522 A.D.)............................................................... 190

Honter [Grass, Honterus], Jan Coronensis (1498-1549 A.D.) ........................ 192

Chapter III:

The Persian Gulf in Geographical Maps of the Renaissance Period

(From 1500 to 1800 A.D.)

Santa Cruz, Alonso de (1500-1572 A.D.)....................................................... 198

Stumpff [ius], Johannes (1500-1578 A.D.)..................................................... 198

Gastaldi, Giacomo [Jacopo] (ca. 1500-1565 A.D.)......................................... 199

Apianus, Petrus (1501-1552 A.D.).................................................................. 204

Jode, Gerard (1501-1591 A.D.)...................................................................... 206

King Hamy Map (ca. 1502 A.D.).................................................. ■.............. 207

Maggiolo [Maiollo], Vesconte di (1504-1551 A.D.)....................................... 208

Ruscelli, Girolamo (1504-1566 A.D.)............................................................. 209

Contarini, Giovanni Mathew (16^th Century A.D.).......................................... 211

Ruysch, Johannes (ca. 1507-1533 A.D.)......................................................... 212

Sylvanus, Bernardus (16^th Century A.D.) ...................................................... 213

Mercator, Gerhard (1512-1594 A.D.)............................................................. 215

Vespucci, Juan Giovanni (16^th Century A.D.)................................................ 218

Reinel, Jorge (1518-1572 A.D.)...................................................................... 220

Metellus, Johannes Matalus (1520-1597 A.D.) ........................ ,.................... 221

Salviati, Cardinal (16^th Century A.D.)............................................................ 222

Ribeiro, Diogo (16th Century A.d!) .............................................................. 224

Ortelius of Antwerp, Abraham (1527-1598 A.D.).......................................... 225

Thome, Robert (16^th Century A.D.)................................................................ 233

Rosaccio, Giuseppe (1530-1620 A.D.)........................................................... 233

Homem, Diogo (1530-1576 A.D.) ................................................................. 234

Treschel, Gaspar & Melchior (ca. 1535 A.D.)................................................. 235

Agnese, Battista (1536-1564 A.D.)................................. .,............................. 236

Amman, Jost (1539-1591 A.D.) ....................................... '............................. 239

Anonymous Spanish Cartographer (Ca.1523 A.D.)........................................ 240

Desliens, Nicolas (16^th Century A.D.)............................................................. 241

Mercator, Rumold (ca. 1545-1599 A.D.)........................................................ 242

Bunting, Heinrich (1545-1606 A.D.).............................................................. 243

Ghisolfi, Francesco (ca., 1546 A.D.)............................................................... 244

Langenes, Barent (ca.1548- ca.1602 A.D.)..................................................... 245

Al-Sharafi of Safax (Safaquesi) Family (1551-1601 A.D./959-1010 H.) ...... 246

Plancius, Petrus (1552-1622 A.D.).................................................................. 252

Speed, John (1552-1629 A.D.)....................................................................... 253

Magini, Giovanni Antonio (1555-1617 A.D.) ................................................ 255

Wright, Edward (1558-1615 A.D.) ................................................................ 256

Forlani, Paolo (fl.l560-c. 1574 A.D.).............................................................. 258

Hondius, Jodocus (1563-1612 A.D.) ............................................................. 260

Linschoten, Jan Huygen van (1563-1610 A.D.)............................................. 261

Bertius, Petrus (1565-1629 A.D.) .................................................................. 262

Porro, Girolamo (fl. 1567-1599 A.D.)............................................................ 264

Bussemacher, Johannes (fl. 1580-1613 A.D.)................................................ 265

Tavernier, Melchior (the Elder) 1564-1641 A.D............................................. 266

Ziletti, Giordano (ca. 1564-74 A.D.) .................................... ..'...................... 267

Cossin, Jehan (16^th Century A.D.).................................................................. 268

Blaeu, Willem Janszoon (1571-1638 A.D.).................................................... 269

Keere, Pieter van den (ca. 1571-1646 A.D.)................................................... 270

Langren, Henricus Florent van (1574-1604 A.D.).......................................... 272

Cluverius, Philippus (1580-1623 A.D.)........................................................... 273

Visscher [Piscator] II, Nicolaes Jansz (1649-1702 A.D.)............................... 274

Valle, Pietro Delia (1586-1625 A.D.)............................................................. 276

Jansonnius, Johannes (1588-1664 A.D.)......................................................... 277

Merian, Matthaus (1593-1650 A.D.).............................................................. 281

Eckebrecht, Philipp (1594-1667 A.D.) .......................................................... 282

Blaeu, Joan (1596-1673 A.D.)........................................................................ 284

16^th Century Anonymous Cartographer after Cellarius (ca.1596 A.D.) ........ :; , 287

Hondius (Hondio), Henricus (1597-1651 A.D.) ............................................ 288

Olearius, Adam (1599-1671 A.D.)................................................................. 290

Sanson, Nicolas d'Abbeville (1600-1667 A.D.) & Mariette, Pierre (1603-1657 A.D.) .......291

Mallet, Alain Manesson (1603-1706 A.D.) ................................................. ...292

Wit, Frederick de (1610-1698 A.D.).............................................................. 294

Vingboons, Jan [Johannes] (ca. 1617-1670 A.D.).......................................... 296

Verbiest, Ferdinand (1623-1688 A.D.)........................................................... 298

Cassini, Jean-Dominique (1625-1712 A.D.)................................................... 299

Tholing, Theodoros (ca. 1634 A.D.)............................................................... 300

Cellarius [Keller], Christophorus (1638-1707 A.D.) ...................................... 302

Schenk, Pieter (1645-1715 A.D.).................................................................... 303

Fer, Nicolas de (1646-1720 A.D.)............................................................... ....304

Isfahani, Sadeq (ca. 1647 A.D./1057 H.)....................................................... 308

Allard, Carl (1648-1709 A.D.)........................................................................ 309

Rossi, Giovanni Giacomo de (1648-1691 A.D.)............................................. 310

Browne, Christopher (1648-1712 A.D.) ........................................................ 311

Valk, Gerard (1650-1720 A.D.) and Leonard (1675-1755 A.D.)................... 312

Coronelli, Vicenzo Maria (1650-1718 A.D.).................................................. 313

Kaempfer, Engelbert (1651- ca. 1716 A.D.)................................................... 314

Hubert, R. (ca. 1651 A.D.)......................................................................... .....315

Thornton, John (ca. 1652-1701 A.D.)......................................................... .....316

Weigelio (Weigelius), Christophoro, the Elder (1654-1725 A.D.) ................. 318

Keulen, C. van (1654-1715 A.D.) .................................................................. 323

Aa, Pieter van der (1659-1733 A.D.) ............................................................. 324

Blome, Richard (fl. 1660-1705 A.D.) ....................... .................................... 332

Mortier, Pierre (1661-1711 A.D.) ................................................................ ...334

Danckerts, Theodore (1663-ca. 1727 A.D.).................................................... 335

Homann, Johann-Baptist (1663-4- 1724 A.D.)............................................... 337

Seller, John (fl. 1664-1697 A.D.).................................................................... 342

Wells, Edward (1667-1727 A.D.)................................................................... 343

VIII

Petrini, Paolo (ca. 1670- ca. 1718 A.D.).......................................................... 344

Doppelmayer, Johann Gabriel (1671-1750 A.D.)............................................ 345

Calmet, Augustin (1672-1757 A.D.)............................................................... 346

Ibrahim, Efendi, Mutafarrikan (1674-1744 A.D.)........................................ ...348

Lisle (L'Isle), Guillaume de (1675-1726 A.D.) .............................................. 349

Morden, Robert (fl.1675-1703 A.D.).............................................................. 359

Relandus (Reeland), Adrianus (1676-1718 A.D.)........................................... 360

Seutter, Matthaus (1678-1757 A.D.)............................................................... 361

Moll, Herman (1680-1732 A.D.)..................................................................... 362

Hasius, Johann Matthias Hase (1684-1742 A.D.)........................................... 366

Chatelain, Henri Abraham (1684-1743 A.D.)................................................. 367

Mount, Richard and Page, Thomas (fl. 1684-1762 A.D.)............................... 370

Nolin, Jean Baptiste (1686-1762 A.D.)........................................................... 371

Stukeley, Wilhelmus [William] (1687-1765 A.D.).......................................... 373

Robert de Vaugondy, Gilles (1688-1766 A.D.).............................................. 374

Senex, John (fl. 1690-1740 A.D.) .................................................................. 382

Moullart Sanson, Pierre (fl. 1695 - 1730 A. D.).............................................. 385

d'Anville, Jean-Baptiste Bourguignon (1697-1782 A.D.)............................... 386

Prevost, Ant. F. (1697-1763 A.D.).................................................................. 392

Leth, Hendrik de (1703-1766 A.D.)............................................................... 393

Bellin, Jacques Nicolas (1703-1772 A.D.)...................................................... 394

Stackhouse, Thomas (1706-1784 A.D.).......................................................... 398

Tardieu, Pierre- Francois (1711-1771 A.D.).................................................... 400

Kitchin, Thomas (1718-1784 A.D.)............................................................ .....401

European Anonymous 18^th Century Cartographer.......................................... 402

Bowen, Emanuel (1720-1767 A.D.)............................................................... .403

Le Rouge, George Louis (1722-1778 A.D.).................................................... 409

Robert de Vaugondy, Didier (1723-1786 A.D.)...................... :..................... 412

Ottens, Reinier (ca. 1723-1765 A.D.) ............................................................ 415

Valentyn, (Valentijn) Francois (ca. 1724-6 A.D.)........................................... 416

Desnos, Louis Charles (1725-1805 A.D.)....................................................... 417

Bonne, Rigobert (1727-1795 A.D.)................................................................. 419

Delahaye, Guillaume Nicolas (1727-1802 A.D.)............................................ .428

Mentelle, Edme (1730-1815 A.D.) ................................................................. 430

Tirion, Isaac (fl. 1732-1769 A.D.)................................................................... 432

Niebuhr, Carsten (1733-1815 A.D.)................................ ,............................... 435

Dalrymple, Alexander (1737-1808 A.D.)....................................................... .436

Delamarche, Charles Francois (1740-1817 A.D.)........................................... 437

La Perouse, Jean- Francois de Galaup, Comte de (17414788 A.D.).............. 440

Janvier, Jean (ca. 1746-1790 A.D.)................................................................. 441

Gibson., John (fl. 1749-1792 A.D.) ............................................................... 443

Bowen, Thomas (1749-1790 A.D.) ................................................................ ...........' 444

Arrowsmith, Aaron (1750-1833 A.D.).......................................................... ..446 '

Schley, Jacob van der (fl. about 1750-1770 A.D.)........................................ ..449

Lotted, Tobiae Conradi (fl. 1750-1777 A.D.)......................................... .........450

Dunn, Samuel (fl. 1751-1794 A.D.)....................................... .............................452.

Rollos, G. (fl. 1754-1789 A.D.)..................................................... ..........:.........457'

Gary, John (fl. 1754-1835 A.D.)..................................................................... 458

Brion de la Tour, Louis (ca. 1756-1823 A.D.)................................................ 459

~ • • * - • /« incn 10A/1 A T^ \ 4^2

Neel, Samuel John [Neele & Son] (1758-1824 A.D.) .................................... 463

Reichard, Christian Gottieb Theophil (1758-1837 A.D.)............................... 464

Chanlaire, Pierre Gregoire (1758-1817 A.D.)................................................. 466

Pinkerton, John (1758-1826 A.D.).................................................................. 467

Steiler, Adolf (1775-1836 A.D.) .................................................................... 469

Malte-Brun, Conrad (1775-1826 A.D.).......................................................... 470

Lizars, Daniel (fl. 1776-1812 A.D.)................................................................ 471

Santini, P. (fl. 1776-1783 A.D.)...................................................................... 473

Jacques, Nicolas (ca. 1780 A.D.) ................................................................... 474

Menzies, J & G. (1780-ca. 1840 A.D.) ........................................................... ;475

Sauerberg, H. (18^th century A.D.) .................................................................. 476

Lucas, Fielding Jr. (1781-1854 A.D.) ............................................................ 477

Stuelpnagel, Fr. von (1781-1865 A.D.) ......................................................... 478

Weiland, Carl Ferdinand (1781-1847 A.D.) ... :.............................................. 480

Elwe, Jan Barend (fl. 1785-1809 A.D.) ......................................................... 481

Justus Perthes Geographische Verlags (founded in 1785 A.D.)..................... 483

Norie, John William (fl. ca. 1785-1843 A.D.)................................................. 488

Wilkinson, Robert (fl. 1785-1825 A.D.)......................................................... 490

Brue, Adrien Hubert (1786 - 1832 A. D.)............. _v........................................ 492

Tanner, Henry Schenck (1786-1858 A.D.).......... 1.................... r.................. 493

Venetik, i Vans Srboyn Ghazaru (ca. 1787A.D.) ........................................... 494

Lizars, William Home (1788-1859 A.D.)....................................................... .495

Jackson (18^th Century A.D.)............................................................................ 498

Wyld, James, the Elder (1790-1836 A.D.)...................................................... 499

Arrowsmith, John (1790-1873 A.D.).............................................................. 500

Mitchell, Samuel A. (1792-1868 A.D.) .......................................................... 502

Perrot, Aristide Michel (1793-1879 A.D.)...................................................... 505

Laurie & Whittle (ca. 1794-1875 A.D.).......................................................... 506

British Admiralty (founded in 1795 A.D.)..................................................... 509

Berghaus, Heinrich Carl Wilhelm (1797-1884 A. D.)..................................... 510

Head, Capitan Charles (ca. 1797-1867 A.D.) ................................................ 512

Chapter IV:

The Persian Gulf in Geographical Maps of the Modern Cartography

(From 1800 to 2000 A.D.)

Gamier, F. A. (1803-1863 A.D.)..................................................................... 517

Oliver, GA. (19^th Century A.D.)..................................................................... 518

Vuillemin, Alexander A. (1812- ca.1874 A.D.) ............................................. 519

Wyld, James, the Younger (1812-1887 A.D.) ................................................ 520

Thomas, John (fl. 1814-1869 A.D.) ................................................................ 522

Dussieux, Louis Etienne (1815-1894 A.D.).................................................... 525

Badger, Rev. George Percy (1815-1888 A.D.)............................................... 527

Hall, Sidney (fl. 1817-1860 A.D.) ................................................................. 528

Kiepert, Heinrich C. (1818-1899 A.D.).................................................... :..... 532

Fremin, A. R. (ca. 1820-1868 A.D.)........................................ :;..................... 533

Berthe (19^th Century A.D.).............................................................................. 534

Lothian, John (fl. 1825-1846 A.D.)................................................................ 535

Dower, John (fl. 1825- c.1891 A.D.) ............................................................. 536

Johnston, firm of W. & A. K. (1825- c. 1863 A.D.)....................................... 537

X

Teesdale, Henry [& Co.] (ca. 1826-1860 A.D.).............................................. 538

Neele, James (Neele &' Son) fl. 1826-1845 A.D............................................. 539

Horseburg, James (19^th Century A.D.).................... ....................................... 540

Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (1829- ca.1876 A.D.)......... 541

Long, George (1830-1854 A.D.)..................................................................... 542

Royal Geographical Society (Founded 1830 A.D.) ............ .......................... 545

Kelly, Thomas (1835-1843 A.D.).................................................................... 547

Andriveu-Goujon, J. (ca.1835-1868 A.D.).................................................... ,.548

Tallis & Co. (1838-1851 A.D.) ....................................................................... 549

Herrich, A. (19^th Century A.D.) .................................................................. ....551

Levasseur, Victor (1838-1854 A.D.)............................................................... 552

William, E. P. (19^th Century A.D.).................................................................. 555

Cram, George (1841-1928 A.D.)..................................................................... 556

Spruner, Karl von (1846-1880 A.D.) ............................................................. 557

Anonymous Ottoman Cartographer, before 1850 A.D................................... 558

Graf, Adolf (ca. 1850-1890 A.D.).................................................................. 560

Orr & Dower (19^th Century A.D.)................................................................... 561

Jackson, Peter (19^th Century A.D.)................................................................. 562

Civelli, Giuseppe (19^th century A.D.).............................................................. 563

Ferrier, Joseph Pierre (19^th century A.D.)........................................................ 564

Bartholomew, John George (1860-1920 A.D.)............................................... 566

Blackie & Son (ca.1860-1893 A.D.) .............................................................. 568

Johnson & Ward Publishers (1860-1885 A.D.)............................................... 569